A key historical document is referred to by the medieval Latin phrase Magna Carta Libertatum, which means "the great charter of liberties." (Reynolds 2016, 660). The first announcement was made by King John of England in 1215 (Reynolds 2016, 660). Despite the fact that much of the original text was altered or repealed in following centuries, the Magna Carta is still considered as a revolutionary document because of the impact it had on who was bound by laws (Reynolds 2016, 660). King Johan was compelled to hand over a significant portion of his hereditary lands to King Philip II of France in 1204 (Reynolds 2016, 660). John taxed the English aristocracy in an effort to raise money for a battle against France and recover them (Reynolds 2016, 660). The defeat of his army at the Battle of Bouvines in northern France in 1214 would ultimately result in a painful and tragic catastrophe (Reynolds 2016, 660). Understandably, this did little to help him gain the barons' trust (Reynolds 2016, 660). King John also struggled to come to terms with the Church (Reynolds 2016, 660). Pope Innocent III excommunicated him in 2009 as a result of his objections to Stephen Langton's candidacy as Archbishop of Canterbury (Reynolds 2016, 660). Prior to 1213, a group of barons met with Archbishop Langton and a representative of the Pope to voice their disapproval of the king's actions (King John 1215). They thought King John was disobeying the rules set down by former kings. Once King John turned down their petitions in 1215, a number of the lords renounced their allegiance to him. In the same year, these rebel barons will seize power in London (King John 1215). Once London was seized, King John was coerced into negotiations (King John 1215). Magna Carta was authorized by John after extensive discussions between the barons and the church, under the direction of Archbishop Langton (King John 1215). Shortly after that, the insurgent nobility made an arrangement with King John. There were 63 provisions in the Magna Carta, many of which discussed treatment during King John's dominion (King John 1215). These included rules governing the administration of justice, taxation, and property rights (King John 1215). Only three of the original 63 restrictions are still in force under English law today, but many of them would prove adaptive through time (King John 1215). The Church of England's rights and privileges are upheld in the first clause (King John 1215). The second upholds London's and other cities' customs and privileges (King John 1215). Nonetheless, the third one is still the most well-known. The right to a fair trial was guaranteed by this clause for "free men." (Reynolds 2016, 660). These included rules governing property rights, the judicial system, and taxes (Reynolds 2016, 660). The Church of England's freedom and rights are upheld in the first clause of this kind (Reynolds 2016, 660). The fact that it has since been adopted into the constitutions of various other countries, including the US Bill of Rights, shows how important the clause was despite the fact that the majority of people in medieval England were not considered to be "free men." (Reynolds 2016, 660). The Magna Carta is one of the first written constitutions in Europe (Reynolds 2016, 660). There are currently only four exemplified copies of the original book from 1215 (Reynolds 2016, 660). Magna Carta is still regarded as a significant work of historical literature, nonetheless