Appendix drie: Witte Wieven

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witte_Wieven

Origins
Witte wieven in modern Dutch literally translates to "white women", but originally meant "wise women" in dialects of Dutch Low Saxon. "Wit" or "witte" meant wise in a way similar to the English "witty". Witte wieven is still often translated to "white woman", as the words come from the same roots. The association of wise women with the color white was either an accidental translation error, or a symbolic color association for wisdom (sources differ).

Historically, the witte wieven are thought to be wise female herbalists and medicine healers who took care of people's physical and mental ailments. It was said they had the talent for prophecy and looking into the future. They had a high status in the communities, and so when they died ceremonies were held at their grave sites to honour them.

According to mythology, their spirits remained on earth, and they became living spirits (or elven beings) that either helped or hindered people who encountered them. They tended to reside in the burial sites or other sacred places. It was thought that mist on a gravehill was the spirit of the wise woman appearing, and people would bring them offerings and ask for help.

While many scholars[who?] believe Witte Wieven originated as above from honoring graves of wise women, others think the mythology of witte wieven come from part of the Germanic belief in disen, land wights, and/or alven (Old Dutch for "elf") for several reasons: The practice of bringing offerings and asking for help from their graves is very similar to honoring disen, land wights and alfen in Germanic paganism. In addition, in some localities the mythological witte wieven were described directly as "Alfen" or "Alven".

Jacob Grimm mentioned them in the Deutsche Mythologie (1835) as the Dutch variant of the Germanic weisse frauen: "The people of Friesland, Drenthe and the Netherlands have just as much to tell of their written wijven or juffers in hills and caverns ... though here they get mixed up with elvish personages."[1]

Characterization
At first, early medieval literature described the witte wieven more like pranksters and pests. Later Christian teaching transformed the idea of a "witte wieven" into mistflarden: ghost witches[dubious – discuss] — recharacterized as evil and to be avoided.

In certain legends "Alvinne" was a ghost in a white cloak.[citation needed]

Legacy
The following places were named after witte wieven, and report witte wieven legends:

In the Netherlands:

Near the Village of Eefde is Wittewievenbult: translates "Wise Women hill". Local legend holds that White Women appear on Christmas Eve every year and dance on this hill.[2]
Near the Village of Barchem is Wittewijvenkuil: translates "Wise Woman Pitt" is a pit between two local hills. Local legend holds that three white women lived there.[3]