During the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915–1916, the Allies of World War I attempted in vain to control the maritime route from Europe to Russia. The Turkish resistance was fierce, and the attack was failed due to a lack of knowledge and topographic skill. The Allied troops had suffered heavy losses and had made little progress since their landing zones by the middle of October. In the early months of that year, Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia appealed to Britain for assistance in thwarting a Turkish invasion in the Caucasus. The Dardanelles group decided to use solely naval operations and mostly antiquated battleships that were too old for fleet combat in order to force the straits on January 28. The equivalent of 16 British, Australian, New Zealand, Indian, and French districts participated in the campaign. The British Commonwealth experienced 213,980 fatalities in addition to major casualties among aged navy warships. The operation was effective only because it redirected substantial Turkish soldiers away from the Russians. The failure of the plan to produce meaningful results was a result of a number of factors, including the lack of efficient senior commanders in some situations, incorrect procedures, such as using an entirely untrained soldier, poor weaponry, and a severe shell shortage. severe political and diplomatic repercussions from the campaign. It led to the general belief that the Allies lacked military might. Hamilton asserted around the halfway point of October that leaving the island may cause up to 50% more murders. British officials called him back as a consequence, and Sir Charles Monro took his position. Early in November, Kitchener personally visited the region and agreed with Monro's recommendation to evacuate the remaining 105,000 Allied forces.